摘 要
卡夫卡小说中的异化主题是20世纪西方文学研究的重要课题，本文旨在深入探讨其作品中异化的多维表现及其哲学意涵。通过对《变形记》《审判》等代表作的文本细读，结合存在主义、马克思主义理论视角，剖析主人公在现代社会中的疏离感与非人化境遇。研究发现，卡夫卡笔下的异化不仅是个人生存状态的写照，更揭示了现代性危机下人性的扭曲与社会结构的病态。创新之处在于将异化现象置于特定历史文化语境中考察，揭示其作为现代文明批判的独特价值。通过对比分析不同时期作品，论证卡夫卡如何以寓言式叙事展现个体在权力结构中的无力感，以及对理性秩序的深刻质疑。研究表明，卡夫卡的异化书写超越了单纯的社会批判，触及人类存在的根本困境，为理解现代性问题提供了富有启发性的思考路径。本研究丰富了卡夫卡研究的理论维度，也为当代文学创作提供了重要启示。
关键词：异化主题；卡夫卡小说；现代性危机
Abstract
The theme of alienation in Kafka's novels is a significant subject in 20th-century Western literary studies, and this paper aims to explore the multidimensional manifestations and philosophical implications of alienation in his works. Through close readings of representative texts such as "The me tamorphosis" and "The Trial," combined with perspectives from existentialism and Marxism, this study analyzes the protagonists' sense of estrangement and dehumanization in modern society. The findings indicate that alienation in Kafka's writings not only reflects individual existence but also reveals the distortion of human nature and the pathological nature of social structures under the crisis of modernity. The innovation lies in examining the phenomenon of alienation within specific historical and cultural contexts, highlighting its unique value as a critique of modern civilization. By comparative analysis of works from different periods, it demonstrates how Kafka employs allegorical narratives to portray individuals' powerlessness within power structures and profoundly questions rational order. The research shows that Kafka's portrayal of alienation transcends mere social criticism, addressing fundamental existential dilemmas and providing an enlightening approach to understanding modernity issues. This study enriches the theoretical dimensions of Kafka scholarship and offers important insights for contemporary literary creation.
Keywords: Alienation Theme；Kafka Novels；Modernity Crisis
引言 1
一、异化的概念与背景 1
(一)卡夫卡笔下的异化现象 1
(二)现代社会中的异化根源 2
(三)文学作品中的异化表达 2
二、《变形记》中的异化主题 3
(一)格里高尔的异化过程 3
(二)家庭关系中的异化体现 3
(三)社会结构对个体的影响 4
三、《城堡》中的异化探索 4
(一)权力结构下的个体迷失 5
(二)存在主义视角下的异化 5
四、卡夫卡小说中异化的象征意义 6
(一)动物意象与人性异化 6
(二)空间设置与心理异化 6
(三)异化主题的现代启示 7
结论 7
参考文献 9
致谢 9
