摘 要
正当防卫制度作为刑法中的重要内容，在司法实践中长期面临认定标准模糊、适用尺度不一等难题。本研究以2018-2022年全国法院审理的正当防卫案件为样本，采用实证分析与规范分析相结合的方法，系统考察了司法认定中的难点问题。研究发现，当前司法实践主要存在防卫意图认定主观化、防卫限度把握机械化、特殊防卫适用保守化等问题，其根源在于对正当防卫制度的价值定位不清、裁判理念滞后以及证据规则不完善。针对这些问题，本文创新性地提出"双层次"认定模式：第一层次确立"必要性+相当性"的客观判断标准，第二层次构建"合理相信"的主观判断规则，并通过典型案例指导机制统一裁判尺度。
关键词：正当防卫 司法认定 裁判尺度
Abstract
As an important part of the criminal law, the system of justifiable defense has long been faced with the difficult problems of fuzzy identification standards and different application standards in the judicial practice. This study takes the justifiable defense cases heard by the national courts in 2018-2022 as samples, and uses the method of combining empirical analysis with normative analysis to systematically investigate the difficult problems in judicial identification. It is found that the current judicial practice mainly has some problems, such as the subjective identification of defense intention, the mechanization of defense limit, and the conservative application of special defense. The root causes lie in the unclear value positioning of the justifiable defense system, the lagging concept of judgment and the imperfection of evidence rules. In view of these problems, this paper innovatively puts forward the "two-level" identification mode: the first level establishes the ob jective judgment standard of "necessity + equivalence", the second level constructs the subjective judgment rule of "reasonable belief", and unifies the judgment scale through the typical case guidance mechanism.
Keyword: justifiable defense Judicial determination The referee scale
目 录
1绪论 1
1.1研究背景与意义 1
1.2研究现状 1
1.3研究方法与思路 1
2正当防卫制度的理论基础与立法沿革 2
2.1正当防卫的法理基础 2
2.2我国正当防卫制度的立法演变 3
2.3比较法视野下的正当防卫制度 3
3正当防卫司法认定的现实困境 4
3.1防卫意图认定的疑难问题 4
3.2防卫限度判断的实践争议 4
3.3特殊情境下防卫行为的认定难题 5
4完善正当防卫司法认定的路径探索 5
4.1明确司法认定标准的具体化建议 6
4.2优化证据审查规则的制度设计 6
4.3构建案例指导机制的可行性分析 7
5结论 7
参考文献 8
致谢 9
正当防卫制度作为刑法中的重要内容，在司法实践中长期面临认定标准模糊、适用尺度不一等难题。本研究以2018-2022年全国法院审理的正当防卫案件为样本，采用实证分析与规范分析相结合的方法，系统考察了司法认定中的难点问题。研究发现，当前司法实践主要存在防卫意图认定主观化、防卫限度把握机械化、特殊防卫适用保守化等问题，其根源在于对正当防卫制度的价值定位不清、裁判理念滞后以及证据规则不完善。针对这些问题，本文创新性地提出"双层次"认定模式：第一层次确立"必要性+相当性"的客观判断标准，第二层次构建"合理相信"的主观判断规则，并通过典型案例指导机制统一裁判尺度。
关键词：正当防卫 司法认定 裁判尺度
Abstract
As an important part of the criminal law, the system of justifiable defense has long been faced with the difficult problems of fuzzy identification standards and different application standards in the judicial practice. This study takes the justifiable defense cases heard by the national courts in 2018-2022 as samples, and uses the method of combining empirical analysis with normative analysis to systematically investigate the difficult problems in judicial identification. It is found that the current judicial practice mainly has some problems, such as the subjective identification of defense intention, the mechanization of defense limit, and the conservative application of special defense. The root causes lie in the unclear value positioning of the justifiable defense system, the lagging concept of judgment and the imperfection of evidence rules. In view of these problems, this paper innovatively puts forward the "two-level" identification mode: the first level establishes the ob jective judgment standard of "necessity + equivalence", the second level constructs the subjective judgment rule of "reasonable belief", and unifies the judgment scale through the typical case guidance mechanism.
Keyword: justifiable defense Judicial determination The referee scale
目 录
1绪论 1
1.1研究背景与意义 1
1.2研究现状 1
1.3研究方法与思路 1
2正当防卫制度的理论基础与立法沿革 2
2.1正当防卫的法理基础 2
2.2我国正当防卫制度的立法演变 3
2.3比较法视野下的正当防卫制度 3
3正当防卫司法认定的现实困境 4
3.1防卫意图认定的疑难问题 4
3.2防卫限度判断的实践争议 4
3.3特殊情境下防卫行为的认定难题 5
4完善正当防卫司法认定的路径探索 5
4.1明确司法认定标准的具体化建议 6
4.2优化证据审查规则的制度设计 6
4.3构建案例指导机制的可行性分析 7
5结论 7
参考文献 8
致谢 9
