摘要
无线传感器网络（WSN）作为一种新兴的信息获取与处理技术，近年来在环境监测领域展现出广阔的应用前景。本研究旨在设计并实现一种基于无线传感器网络的高效环境监测系统，以解决传统监测手段中布线复杂、实时性差及扩展性不足等问题。通过引入低功耗节点硬件架构和优化的路由协议，系统能够适应复杂多变的野外环境，并实现对温度、湿度、光照强度等多参数的长期稳定监测。研究采用分层式网络拓扑结构，结合自组织网络技术和数据融合算法，显著提升了系统的能效比和数据传输可靠性。实验结果表明，该系统在覆盖范围、能耗控制及数据精度等方面均表现出优异性能，特别是在大规模部署场景下展现了良好的可扩展性。本研究的主要创新点在于提出了一种动态能量管理机制，可根据环境变化调整节点工作状态，从而延长网络生命周期；同时，设计了基于优先级的数据传输策略，有效降低了冗余信息的干扰。这些成果为无线传感器网络在环境监测领域的实际应用提供了重要参考，也为后续相关研究奠定了坚实基础。
关键词：无线传感器网络；环境监测；动态能量管理；数据传输策略；自组织网络技术
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSN), as an emerging technology for information acquisition and processing, have demonstrated significant potential in environmental monitoring applications in recent years. This study focuses on the design and implementation of an efficient WSN-based environmental monitoring system, addressing the limitations of traditional methods such as complex wiring, poor real-time performance, and insufficient scalability. By incorporating low-power node hardware architecture and optimized routing protocols, the system is capable of adapting to complex and dynamic field environments while enabling long-term stable monitoring of multiple parameters, including temperature, humidity, and light intensity. A hierarchical network topology structure is adopted, combined with self-organizing network technology and data fusion algorithms, which substantially enhances the energy efficiency and data transmission reliability of the system. Experimental results indicate that the system exhibits superior performance in terms of coverage range, energy consumption control, and data accuracy, particularly demonstrating excellent scalability in large-scale deployment scenarios. The primary innovation of this research lies in the proposal of a dynamic energy management mechanism that adjusts node operational states according to environmental changes, thereby extending the network's lifecycle. Additionally, a priority-based data transmission strategy was designed to effectively reduce interference from redundant information. These achievements provide critical references for the practical application of wireless sensor networks in environmental monitoring and lay a solid foundation for future related research.
Keywords：Wireless Sensor Network; Environmental Monitoring; Dynamic Energy Management; Data Transmission Strategy; Self-Organizing Network Technology
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 研究背景与意义 1
(二) 国内外研究现状分析 1
(三) 本文研究方法与技术路线 2
二、无线传感器网络关键技术分析 2
(一) 无线传感器网络架构设计 2
(二) 数据传输与通信协议优化 3
(三) 节点能量管理策略研究 3
(四) 网络可靠性与容错机制 4
三、环境监测系统需求与设计 5
(一) 环境监测系统功能需求分析 5
(二) 系统架构设计与模块划分 5
(三) 传感器节点部署方案研究 6
(四) 数据采集与处理机制设计 6
四、环境监测系统的实现与测试 7
(一) 系统硬件平台搭建与调试 7
(二) 软件开发与算法实现 7
(三) 实验环境与测试方案设计 8
(四) 测试结果分析与性能评估 8
结 论 10
参考文献 11
