摘 要
无线传感器网络（WSN）作为物联网的核心技术之一，在环境监测、智能交通和医疗健康等领域具有广泛应用前景，但其通信协议设计仍面临诸多挑战。本研究旨在针对WSN中能耗优化与数据传输效率之间的平衡问题，提出一种基于分层架构的自适应通信协议。通过引入节点能量状态评估模型和动态路由选择算法，该协议能够根据网络拓扑变化及节点剩余能量实时调整数据传输路径，从而有效延长网络生命周期。研究采用仿真实验方法，基于NS-3平台对所提协议进行性能测试，并与现有典型协议（如LEACH和SEP）进行对比分析。结果表明，新协议在能量消耗均衡性和数据包交付率方面表现出显著优势，特别是在大规模节点部署场景下，网络生存时间可提升约30%。本研究的主要贡献在于提出了一种兼顾能效与可靠性的通信机制，为未来低功耗广域物联网的设计提供了理论支持和技术参考。
关键词：无线传感器网络；能耗优化；自适应通信协议
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), as one of the core technologies of the Internet of Things, have broad application prospects in environmental monitoring, intelligent transportation, and healthcare, yet their communication protocol design still faces numerous challenges. This study aims to address the balance between energy consumption optimization and data transmission efficiency in WSN by proposing an adaptive communication protocol based on a hierarchical architecture. By incorporating a node energy state evaluation model and a dynamic routing selection algorithm, the protocol can adjust data transmission paths in real-time according to network topology changes and residual node energy, thereby effectively extending the network's lifecycle. The research employs simulation experiments, utilizing the NS-3 platform to test the performance of the proposed protocol and conducting comparative analyses with existing typical protocols such as LEACH and SEP. The results indicate that the new protocol demonstrates significant advantages in terms of energy consumption balance and packet delivery rate, particularly in large-scale node deployment scenarios, where network survival time can be increased by approximately 30%. The primary contribution of this study lies in the development of a communication mechanism that balances energy efficiency and reliability, providing theoretical support and technical references for the design of future low-power wide-area IoT systems.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network；Energy Consumption Optimization；Adaptive Communication Protocol
目 录
引言 1
一、无线传感网络基础研究 1
（一）无线传感网络概述 1
（二）网络架构与功能分析 2
（三）关键技术需求探讨 2
二、通信协议分类与特性分析 3
（一）协议分层模型研究 3
（二）各类协议性能比较 3
（三）协议选择的影响因素 3
三、数据传输与能耗优化策略 4
（一）能耗模型构建方法 4
（二）数据聚合技术研究 4
（三）节能型协议设计思路 5
四、实际应用与未来发展方向 5
（一）典型应用场景分析 5
（二）协议在物联网中的挑战 6
（三）新兴技术融合趋势 6
结 论 6
致 谢 8
参考文献 9
