摘要
《民法典》的颁布为我国民事法律体系提供了更加完善的规范基础，其中定金规则作为合同履行保障的重要制度，在司法实践中发挥了重要作用，但也面临诸多适用困境。本研究旨在通过系统梳理《民法典》中定金规则的相关规定及其在司法实践中的具体应用，探讨当前法律适用中存在的问题，并提出优化建议。研究采用实证分析与规范分析相结合的方法，通过对大量相关案例的整理和分析，揭示定金规则在实际操作中因法律规定模糊、裁判标准不统一以及与其他担保方式交叉适用等问题导致的困境。研究发现，《民法典》虽对定金规则进行了细化和完善，但在定金性质认定、违约责任衔接及惩罚性功能实现等方面仍存在解释空间不足的问题。本文创新性地提出了从明确定金类型化标准、完善违约金与定金竞合规则以及强化法官自由裁量权指引等角度优化定金规则适用的具体路径，为司法实践提供更具操作性的指导。研究成果不仅有助于提升定金规则的法律适用效率，也为构建更加公平合理的合同担保体系提供了理论支持。
关键词：民法典；定金规则；司法实践
Abstract
The promulgation of the Civil Code has provided a more comprehensive normative foundation for China's civil legal system. Among its provisions, the earnest money rule, as an important institution for securing contract performance, has played a significant role in judicial practice but also faces numerous challenges in application. This study aims to systematically examine the relevant provisions of the earnest money rule in the Civil Code and its specific applications in judicial practice, exploring existing issues in legal application and proposing optimization suggestions. By employing a combination of empirical and normative analysis, this research analyzes a large number of related cases, revealing the practical difficulties arising from ambiguous legal provisions, inconsistent adjudication standards, and overlapping applications with other guarantee methods. The findings indicate that although the Civil Code has refined and improved the earnest money rule, there remains insufficient interpretative space concerning the determination of the nature of earnest money, the connection with breach of contract liability, and the realization of its punitive function. Innovatively, this paper proposes specific pathways to optimize the application of the earnest money rule, including clarifying typological standards for earnest money, improving rules for the concurrent application of liquidated damages and earnest money, and enhancing guidance on judicial discretion. These proposals aim to provide more operational guidance for judicial practice, not only enhancing the efficiency of applying the earnest money rule but also offering theoretical support for constructing a fairer and more reasonable contract guarantee system.
Keywords：Civil Code; Earnest Money Rule; Judicial Practice
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 研究背景与意义 1
(二) 研究现状综述 1
(三) 研究方法概述 2
二、定金规则的法律文本分析 2
(一) 民法典定金条款解读 2
(二) 定金与其他担保方式比较 3
(三) 定金罚则的具体规定 3
三、司法实践中定金规则的适用 4
(一) 定金合同效力认定 4
(二) 定金数额确定标准 5
(三) 违约情形下的定金处理 6
四、定金规则适用中的困境与挑战 6
(一) 法律条文理解分歧 6
(二) 实务操作中的难点 7
(三) 定金规则完善建议 7
结 论 9
参考文献 10
《民法典》的颁布为我国民事法律体系提供了更加完善的规范基础，其中定金规则作为合同履行保障的重要制度，在司法实践中发挥了重要作用，但也面临诸多适用困境。本研究旨在通过系统梳理《民法典》中定金规则的相关规定及其在司法实践中的具体应用，探讨当前法律适用中存在的问题，并提出优化建议。研究采用实证分析与规范分析相结合的方法，通过对大量相关案例的整理和分析，揭示定金规则在实际操作中因法律规定模糊、裁判标准不统一以及与其他担保方式交叉适用等问题导致的困境。研究发现，《民法典》虽对定金规则进行了细化和完善，但在定金性质认定、违约责任衔接及惩罚性功能实现等方面仍存在解释空间不足的问题。本文创新性地提出了从明确定金类型化标准、完善违约金与定金竞合规则以及强化法官自由裁量权指引等角度优化定金规则适用的具体路径，为司法实践提供更具操作性的指导。研究成果不仅有助于提升定金规则的法律适用效率，也为构建更加公平合理的合同担保体系提供了理论支持。
关键词：民法典；定金规则；司法实践
Abstract
The promulgation of the Civil Code has provided a more comprehensive normative foundation for China's civil legal system. Among its provisions, the earnest money rule, as an important institution for securing contract performance, has played a significant role in judicial practice but also faces numerous challenges in application. This study aims to systematically examine the relevant provisions of the earnest money rule in the Civil Code and its specific applications in judicial practice, exploring existing issues in legal application and proposing optimization suggestions. By employing a combination of empirical and normative analysis, this research analyzes a large number of related cases, revealing the practical difficulties arising from ambiguous legal provisions, inconsistent adjudication standards, and overlapping applications with other guarantee methods. The findings indicate that although the Civil Code has refined and improved the earnest money rule, there remains insufficient interpretative space concerning the determination of the nature of earnest money, the connection with breach of contract liability, and the realization of its punitive function. Innovatively, this paper proposes specific pathways to optimize the application of the earnest money rule, including clarifying typological standards for earnest money, improving rules for the concurrent application of liquidated damages and earnest money, and enhancing guidance on judicial discretion. These proposals aim to provide more operational guidance for judicial practice, not only enhancing the efficiency of applying the earnest money rule but also offering theoretical support for constructing a fairer and more reasonable contract guarantee system.
Keywords：Civil Code; Earnest Money Rule; Judicial Practice
目 录
摘要 I
Abstract II
一、绪论 1
(一) 研究背景与意义 1
(二) 研究现状综述 1
(三) 研究方法概述 2
二、定金规则的法律文本分析 2
(一) 民法典定金条款解读 2
(二) 定金与其他担保方式比较 3
(三) 定金罚则的具体规定 3
三、司法实践中定金规则的适用 4
(一) 定金合同效力认定 4
(二) 定金数额确定标准 5
(三) 违约情形下的定金处理 6
四、定金规则适用中的困境与挑战 6
(一) 法律条文理解分歧 6
(二) 实务操作中的难点 7
(三) 定金规则完善建议 7
结 论 9
参考文献 10
